*Cross section for atomic displacement by fast electron, (calculated by the McKinley-Feshbach formula) [#n6d15486] ''Table 1''~ ''Threshold energy (Ed), threshold acceleration voltage (Ud), and cross section (s) for atomic displacement of pure element by fast electron irradiation [1, 2]. Most of the values for Ed and Ud were taken from the references [3-5]. A list of the systematic experimental data was firstly summarized by K. Urban [3,4] and slightly modified by H. Fujita [5]. The s values were calculated using the McKinley-Feshbach formula, which is frequently used in radiation damage analysis [6-9]., (Updated on 02/21/2014)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/02-02-Cross.jpg,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''012 Mg (Atomic number 12, Atomic mass number 24.31, Ed 14 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-012-Mg.png,left,nowrap,photo)~ ''013 Al (Atomic number 13, Atomic mass number 26.98, Ed 14 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-013-Al.png,left,nowrap,photo)~ ''014 Si (Atomic number 14, Atomic mass number 28.09, Ed 19 or 13 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-014-Si.png,left,nowrap,photo)~ ''022 Ti (Atomic number 22, Atomic mass number 47.88, Ed 19 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-022-Ti.png,left,nowrap,photo)~ ''023 V (Atomic number 23, Atomic mass number 50.94, Ed 26 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-023-V.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''024 Cr (Atomic number 24, Atomic mass number 51.9961, Ed 26 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-024-Cr.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''026 Fe (Atomic number 26, Atomic mass number 58.93, Ed 22 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-026-Fe.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''027 Co (Atomic number 27, Atomic mass number 58.93, Ed 22 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-027-Co.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''028 Ni (Atomic number 28, Atomic mass number 58.69, Ed 24 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-028-Ni.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''029 Cu (Atomic number 29, Atomic mass number 63.55, Ed 19 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-029-Cu.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''040 Zr (Atomic number 40, Atomic mass number 91.22, Ed 26 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-040-Zr.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''041 Nb (Atomic number 41, Atomic mass number 92.21, Ed 33.5 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-041-Nb.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''042 Mo (Atomic number 42, Atomic mass number 95.94, Ed 30 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-042-Mo.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''046 Pd (Atomic number 46, Atomic mass number 106.4, Ed 34 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-046-Pd.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''047 Ag (Atomic number 47, Atomic mass number 107.9, Ed 24 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-047-Ag.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''050 Sn (Atomic number 50, Atomic mass number 118.7, Ed 12 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-050-Sn.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''051 Sb (Atomic number 51, Atomic mass number 121.75, Ed 14.6 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-051-Sb.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''060 Nd (Atomic number 60, Atomic mass number 144.2, Ed 19 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-060-Nd.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''072 Hf (Atomic number 72, Atomic mass number 178.5, Ed 29 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-072-Hf.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''073 Ta (Atomic number 73, Atomic mass number 180.9, Ed 32 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-073-Ta.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''074 W (Atomic number 74, Atomic mass number 183.84, Ed 35 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-074-W.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''078 Pt (Atomic number 78, Atomic mass number 195.1, Ed 33 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-078-Pt.png,left,nowrap,photo) ~ ''079 Au (Atomic number 79, Atomic mass number 197, Ed 33 eV)'' #ref(http://t-nagase.sakura.ne.jp/pict/20151005/CS-079-Au.png,left,nowrap,photo) ''Figure 1''~ ''Cross section (s) for atomic displacement of pure element by fast electron irradiation. Most of the values for Ed and Ud were taken from the references [3-5]. The s values were calculated using the McKinley-Feshbach formula, which is frequently used in radiation damage analysis [6-9]., (Updated on 02/20/2014)'' REFERENCE~ [1] T. Nagase, Advanced materials design by irradiation of high energy particles, in: Progress in Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design, Ed., T. Kakeshita, Springer, 2013. pp. 137-153., ISBN 978-4-431-54063-2, http://www.springer.com/materials/structural+materials/book/978-4-431-54063-2~ [2] T. Nagase, T. Sanda, A. Nino, W. Qin, H. Yasuda, H. Mori, Y. Umakoshi, J.A. Szpunar, J. of Non-Cryst. Solids, 358, 502-518 (2012)., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.11.010~ [3] K. Urban: Phys. Stat. Sol. A 56, 157–168 (1979).~ [4] K. Urban: Electron Microsc. 4, 188–195 (1980).~ [5] H. Fujita: Hiheikou-zairyo no Riron to Gijyutsu, Seminar text of Japan Institute of Metals, 73–82 (1989). (in Japanese)~ [6] W.A. Mckinley, H. Feshbach: Phys Rev., 74, 1759-1763 (1948).~ [7] F. Seitz, J.S. Koehler: in: Seitz, F., Tumbull, D. (Eds.) Solid State Physics, Vol. 2, Aca-demic Press, New York, (1956).~ [8] J.W. Corbett: in Electron Radiation Damage in Semiconductors and Metals, Academic Press, New York, (1966).~ [9] O.S. Oen: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 33, 744–747 (1988).~